更新時(shí)間：2021-05-31 05:00:47作者：admin2
被動(dòng)語態(tài)的用法
一 概念：當(dāng)句子的主語是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行時(shí)，謂語的形式叫主動(dòng)語態(tài)；
當(dāng)句子的主語是動(dòng)作的承受者時(shí)，謂語的形式叫做被動(dòng)語態(tài)。
二 構(gòu)成“助動(dòng)詞be+過去分詞”主動(dòng)詞be有時(shí)態(tài)、人稱和數(shù)的變化，也可以構(gòu)成否定或疑問句。
不同時(shí)態(tài)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)例句
The Great Wall is known all over the world.
This city was liberated in 1948.
The matter will be discussed tomorrow.
The question is being discussed at present.
The boy was being operated on when his parents hurried to the hospital.
The bridge has been built this month
The tickets had been sold out before I came to the cinema
He said the book would be returned as soon as he finished it.
三、 用法：
1 需要強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的承受者;
2 只知道動(dòng)作的承受者，不知道誰是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者；
3 論述科技內(nèi)容的文體需要強(qiáng)調(diào)客觀性和科學(xué)性。
四、不及物動(dòng)詞或動(dòng)詞短語無被動(dòng)語態(tài)：
appear, die disappear, end (vi. 結(jié)束), fail, happen, last, lie，remain, sit, spread, stand。
break out, come true, fall asleep, keep silence, lose heart, take place。
After the fire, very little remained of my house.
比較： rise, fall, happen是不及物動(dòng)詞；raise, seat是及物動(dòng)詞。
(錯(cuò)) The price has been risen.
(對) The price has risen.
(錯(cuò)) The accident was happened last week.
(對) The accident happened last week.
(錯(cuò)) The price has raised.
(對) The price has been raised.
(錯(cuò)) Please seat.
(對) Please be seated.
要想正確地使用被動(dòng)語態(tài)，就須注意哪些動(dòng)詞是及物的，哪些是不及物的。特別是一詞多義的動(dòng)詞往往有兩種用法。解決這一問題唯有在學(xué)習(xí)過程中多留意積累。
五、 不能用于被動(dòng)語態(tài)的及物動(dòng)詞或動(dòng)詞短語：
fit, have, hold, marry, own, wish, cost, notice, watch agree with, arrive at / in, shake hands with, succeed in, suffer from, happen to, take part in, walk into, belong to
This key just fits the lock.
Your story agrees with what had already been heard.
六、 系動(dòng)詞無被動(dòng)語態(tài)：
appear, be become, fall, feel, get, grow, keep, look, remain, seem, smell, sound, stay, taste, turn
1） It sounds good.
2）The steel feels cold
3) The method proved (to be ) effective.
七、 帶同源賓語的及物動(dòng)詞，反身代詞，相互代詞，不能用于被動(dòng)語態(tài)：
die, death, dream, live, life
She dreamed a bad dream last night.
八、當(dāng)賓語是不定式時(shí)，很少用于被動(dòng)語態(tài)。
(對) She likes to swim.
(錯(cuò)) To swim is liked by her.
九、“be+過去分詞”并不一定都是被動(dòng)語態(tài)，有時(shí)是系表結(jié)構(gòu)。當(dāng)“be+過去分詞”表示動(dòng)作時(shí)為被動(dòng)語態(tài)，be是助動(dòng)詞，be后面的過去分詞是主要?jiǎng)釉~，動(dòng)作的對象是主語；當(dāng)“be +過去分詞”表示主語所處的狀態(tài)時(shí)為系表結(jié)構(gòu)，be是連系動(dòng)詞。be后面的過去分詞是表語，相當(dāng)于形容詞。其區(qū)分辦法如下：
1．如果強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作或句中有介詞by引導(dǎo)出動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者，該句一般為被動(dòng)語態(tài)，否則為系表結(jié)構(gòu)。例如:The glass is brok． 玻璃杯碎了。（系表結(jié)構(gòu)）
The glass was broken by the boy．玻璃杯被那男孩打碎了。（被動(dòng)語態(tài)）
2．如果句中有地點(diǎn)、頻率或時(shí)間狀語時(shí)，一般為被動(dòng)語態(tài)。如：The magazine is published in Shanghai．這家雜志出版于上海。（被動(dòng)語態(tài)）
The door is locked． 門鎖著。（系表結(jié)構(gòu)）
The door has already/just been locked．門已經(jīng)/剛剛被鎖上。（被動(dòng)語態(tài)）
The shop is opened．這家商店開門了。（系表結(jié)構(gòu)）
The shop is opened at 8 a.m. everyday．這家商店每天上午八點(diǎn)開門。（被動(dòng)語態(tài)
3．被動(dòng)語態(tài)除用于一般時(shí)態(tài)和完成時(shí)態(tài)外，還可以用于其他各種時(shí)態(tài)，而系表結(jié)構(gòu)中的系動(dòng)詞be只有一般時(shí)態(tài)和完成時(shí)態(tài)。
所以下列句子都是被動(dòng)語態(tài)：
The machine is being repaired． 機(jī)器正在修。
A new school will be built here． 這里將要建一所新學(xué)校。
十、用某些不及物動(dòng)詞表示被動(dòng)意義，如carry,cut,drive,iron,keep,lock,open,pick,read,sell,shut,tear,wash,wear,write等等。這類動(dòng)詞既能作及物動(dòng)詞，也能作不及物動(dòng)詞。作不及物動(dòng)詞時(shí)，形式上雖為主動(dòng)，卻表示被動(dòng)意義。例如：
Meat cuts easily.肉容易切。
His novel sells well.他的小說暢銷。
The car drove easily.這車很容易開。
Your pen writes quite smoothly.你的筆寫起來很滑。
在上述句子中，主語通常指物，起動(dòng)作承受者的作用，也可以說是不及物動(dòng)詞的邏輯賓語。但是有時(shí)也有用人稱主語的。例如：
The girl does not photograph well.這女孩不上像。
比較：The girl has not been photographed well.這女孩的照片沒拍好。
十一、某些感覺動(dòng)詞的主動(dòng)態(tài)表示被動(dòng)意義。例如：
This shirt feels much softer than that one.
這件襯衫比那件襯衫摸起來柔軟得多
That book smells old.那本書有一股霉味。
These oranges taste nice.這些橙子味道很好。
以上這些動(dòng)詞都不能用進(jìn)行時(shí)表示。若用進(jìn)行時(shí)，則表示主動(dòng)含義。
比較：The child is smelling the paint.小孩正在聞?dòng)推岬臍馕丁?br>
十二、動(dòng)詞get,come,go之后接過去分詞，表示被動(dòng)意義。get的這種用法局限于口語和非正式的書面語言，更強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的結(jié)果而非動(dòng)作本身，并常用來表示突發(fā)性的、出乎意料的偶然事件。而come和go常接含否定意義的過去分詞。例如： After working selflessly in here for several years, Mr Li got promoted at last.李先生在此地?zé)o私地干了好幾年，終于得到提升。
They got delayed because of the holiday traffic.
由于節(jié)日交通阻塞，他們被耽誤了。
The buttons on my coat came undone.我上衣的扣子松開了。
The woman”s complaints went unnoticed.那位女士的投訴無人理睬。
十三、在need(want,require,deserve,etc.)doing句型中，動(dòng)名詞(doing)相當(dāng)于動(dòng)詞不定式的被動(dòng)式(to be done)，在意思上沒有多大差別。例如：
The garden needs watering.The garden needs to be watered.花園需要澆水。
The problem requires studying with great care.The problem requires to be studied with great care.這個(gè)問題需要仔細(xì)研究。
These jobs want doing at once.These jobs want to be done at once.這些工作需要馬上就做。
用法相似的結(jié)構(gòu)還有bear doing, stand doing, be worth doing,習(xí)慣不用動(dòng)詞不定式。如： That won”t bear thinking of.那是不堪想像的。
The little girl can”t stand criticizing.小女孩經(jīng)不起批評。
The food is not worth eating.這種飯菜不值一吃。
It”s well worth making the effort to learn how to do it.
很值得花一番功夫去學(xué)會怎么做這事。
值得注意的是，在be worth doing句型中，只能用動(dòng)名詞的主動(dòng)式，而在be worthy to be done中，才能用動(dòng)詞不定式的被動(dòng)式，兩者不可混淆。
十四、在某些性質(zhì)形容詞＋動(dòng)詞不定式的句型中，其動(dòng)詞不定式的主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義。（difficult, easy, hard, comfortable, pleasant, fit, unfit, light , heavy, good, safe, dangerous）例如：
The question is easy to answer.這問題容易回答。
That book is difficult to understand.那本書難懂。
在這種句型結(jié)構(gòu)中，動(dòng)詞不定式和主語的關(guān)系實(shí)際上是一種邏輯上的動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，可以說是動(dòng)詞不定式作主語變換來的，相當(dāng)于It”s easy to answer the question.和It”s difficult to understand that book.由于把動(dòng)詞賓語放在主語位置，所以和不定式的關(guān)系構(gòu)成一種被動(dòng)關(guān)系。
7、有些動(dòng)詞不定式不論用主動(dòng)形式還是被動(dòng)形式，動(dòng)詞不定式和主語的關(guān)系都是被動(dòng)的。例如：
Nobody was to blame (to be blamed) for the accident.
這個(gè)事故，誰也不能責(zé)怪。
The house is to let (to be let).這房子出租。
There are a lot of books to read (to be read).有許多書要讀。
Those cars are to rent (to be rented).那些汽車出租。
被動(dòng)語態(tài)的應(yīng)用
應(yīng)用到各種時(shí)態(tài)和句型,如下：
① 一般式（一般現(xiàn)在，一般過去，一般將來）：am, is, are, was, were, is going to be , will be+done . ie. Once environmental damage is done, it takes many years for the system to recover. 本句的意思是：“環(huán)境一旦遭到破壞，需要多年時(shí)間才能恢復(fù)過來。”do作為及物動(dòng)詞有“引起，產(chǎn)生”的含義，do damage的意思是“造成破壞”。主語damage是及物動(dòng)詞do的動(dòng)作對象，謂語應(yīng)當(dāng)用被動(dòng)語態(tài)。同樣的，還有，I will mend the machine.相當(dāng)于The machine will be mended （by me）.
②進(jìn)行時(shí)（現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行、過去進(jìn)行、將來進(jìn)行）：be+being+P.P. ie.The classroom is being cleaned.
③ 完成時(shí)（現(xiàn)在完成、過去完成、將來完成）：have/has been + P.P.：例如The machine will have been repaired by 3 o’clock this afternoon.再如：My homework has been finished.
④ 其他時(shí)態(tài) 以此類推，可得到結(jié)果。
⑤ 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語態(tài)：主語 + 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 + be動(dòng)詞 + 動(dòng)詞過去分詞，例如Your teeth must be brushed.
⑥ 不定式的被動(dòng)語態(tài)：to be done例：The no-shows have to be considered when deciding the rate of overbooking.（確定超過接待能力的預(yù)定時(shí)必須考慮預(yù)定了房間卻來不了的客人。）
被動(dòng)語態(tài)的用法
1. 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)構(gòu)成：is / am / are + 及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞 Our classroom is cleaned everyday. I am asked to study hard. Knives are used for cutting things.
2. 一般過去時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)構(gòu)成：was / were + 及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞 A new shop was built last year. Dinosaur eggs were laid long long ago.
3. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)構(gòu)成：has / have + been + 及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞 This book has been translated into many languages. Many man-made satellites have been sent up into space by many countries.
4. 一般將來時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)構(gòu)成：will+ be + 及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞 A new hospital will be built in our city. Many more trees will be planted next year.
5. 含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語態(tài)構(gòu)成：情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+ be + 及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞 Young trees must be watered often. Your mistakes should be corrected right now. The door may be locked inside. Your homework can be handed in tomorrow.
6. 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)構(gòu)成：am / is / are + being + 及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞 Uncle Wang is mending my bike now.→ My bike is being repaired by Tom now. They are planting trees over there. → Trees are being planted over there by them.
7. 不定式的被動(dòng)語態(tài)：to + be + 及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞 There are two books to be read. → There are twenty more trees to be planted.
8.過去完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)：would + be + 及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞 He said he would finish the work soon. He said the work would be finished soon by him.